Ostagram demonstrates the remarkable beauty of converging visual styles, performed via algorithm. [via Metafilter]
A related, singular effect can be achieved with this image triangulator.

Dynamic, resizable pixel art by Marcus Blättermann.

Added to video page.

Roger Dean creates wonderful science fiction scenery.
Recently read Against the Fall of Night by Arthur C Clarke, which is bursting with interesting ideas. Some more for thought:
Outer Space – I bet you can figure out with decent certainty your location across the entire universe just from sampling the nearest bit of space.
Heliosphere – Similar to the above; every drop of space from many AUs away to the nearest lake has a unique composition.
Deep Space Network – at the very least a catchy name
Voyager 1’s Family Portrait
New Horizons – Almost to Pluto!
Thermoelectric Effect – not directly related, but super cool

Polkip draws intricate patterns.